Socio-economic status, psychosocial factors, health behaviours and incidence of dental caries in 12-year-old children living in deprived communities in Manaus, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: This study examines the relationships between socio-economic status, psychosocial factors, health-related behaviours and the incidence of dental caries amongst 12-year-old schoolchildren living in deprived communities in Manaus, Brazil. METHODS: A longitudinal study involving 312 children aged 12 years was conducted in the city of Manaus, Brazil. Baseline data including socio-economic status (number of goods, household overcrowding, parents' schooling, family income), psychosocial factors (sense of coherence [SOC-13], social support [Social Support Appraisals questionnaire]) and health-related behaviours (frequency of toothbrushing, sugar consumption, sedentary behaviour) were collected through structured questionnaires. The number of decayed teeth was clinically assessed at baseline and one-year follow-up. A hypothesised model evaluating the direct and indirect pathways between the variables was tested using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. RESULTS: The incidence of dental caries at the one-year follow-up was 25.6%. Sugar consumption (ß = 0.103) and sedentary behaviour (ß = 0.102) directly predicted the incidence of dental caries. A higher socio-economic status was directly linked with lower sugar consumption (ß = -0.243) and higher sedentary behaviour (ß = 0.227). Higher social support directly predicted lower sugar consumption (ß = -0.114). Lower socio-economic status (ß = -0.046) and lower social support (ß = -0.026) indirectly predicted the incidence of dental caries via sugar consumption and sedentary behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: In the population studied, sugar consumption and sedentary behaviour are meaningful predictors of the incidence of dental caries amongst schoolchildren living in deprived communities. Indirect pathways of lower socio-economic status and low social support with dental caries incidence via sugar consumption and sedentary behaviour were detected. These findings should be considered in oral interventions and oral health care policies to prevent dental caries amongst children living in deprivation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Social conditions, social support, sedentary behaviour and sugar consumption directly influence dental caries in children.

Clinical Consequences of Untreated Dental Caries, Individual Characteristics, and Environmental Factors on Self-Reported Oral Health Measures in Adolescents: A Follow-Up Prevalence Study.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study evaluated the relationships of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries, individual characteristics, and environmental factors on self-reported oral health measures in adolescents. METHODS: A follow-up prevalence study was conducted involving 406 twelve-year-old adolescents selected from public schools in the eastern area of the city of Manaus, Brazil. Baseline data included clinical consequences of untreated caries (PUFA/pufa index), DMFT, sociodemographic characteristics (sex, parental schooling, and family income), psychosocial factors (sense of coherence [SOC-13 scale], oral health beliefs and self-esteem [Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale]), and social support (SSA questionnaire). Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL [CPQ11-14]) and self-rated oral health were assessed at the 6-month follow-up. Structural equation modelling was used to explore the relationships between variables according to the Wilson and Cleary model. RESULTS: The prevalence of PUFA/pufa was 17.8% and mean DMFT was 1.5. The number of teeth with clinical consequences of untreated caries predicted poor self-rated oral health at the 6-month follow-up. Low parental schooling predicted low family income and clinical consequences of untreated dental caries. Psychosocial factors predicted OHRQoL directly and self-rated oral health indirectly. OHRQoL was linked to self-rated oral health. Clinical consequences of untreated dental caries mediated the relationship of parental schooling with OHRQoL and self-rated oral health. OHRQoL mediated the relationship of psychosocial factors and sex with self-rated oral health. Clinical consequences of untreated dental caries was associated with adolescents' self-rated oral health. Furthermore, the former was an important mediator on the link between low parental education and adolescents' self-reported oral health measures. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic status, psychosocial factors, and social support were related to OHRQoL and self-rated oral health via direct and indirect pathways.

The role of socioeconomic status and psychosocial factors on gingivitis in socially disadvantaged adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on the possible influence of social and psychosocial factors on gingival status in socially disadvantaged children is scarce. The aim of this study is to assess the relationships among socioeconomic status, pattern of dental visits, self-esteem, oral health beliefs, toothbrushing frequency, oral hygiene effectiveness, and gingivitis in low social status adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed involving 406 12-year-old students recruited in Manaus, Brazil. Socioeconomic status (family income, parent's schooling, number of goods, and household crowding), self-esteem, oral health beliefs, and frequency of toothbrushing were collected through self-completed questionnaires. Gingival status (bleeding on probing) and oral hygiene effectiveness (dental calculus) were evaluated by calibrated dentists through oral examinations. Structural equation modeling assessed the direct and indirect relationships between variables guided by a theoretical model. RESULTS: The prevalence of gingivitis was 77.6%. Worse socioeconomic status and poor oral hygiene effectiveness directly predicted gingival bleeding. Socioeconomic status was also linked to toothbrushing frequency. Positive oral health beliefs and higher self-esteem predicted higher frequency of toothbrushing. The latter was directly linked to greater oral hygiene effectiveness. Oral health beliefs and self-esteem indirectly predicted gingival bleeding via toothbrushing frequency and oral hygiene effectiveness. CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest the importance of socioeconomic status and psychosocial factors on gingival status in underprivileged adolescents. Poor oral hygiene mediated the associations between psychosocial factors and gingival status.

Trauma oclusal e suas consequências periodontais e peri-implantares / Occlusal trauma and its periodontal and peri-implant consequences

Occlusal trauma since the past century, generates discussions about its real effect on the periodontium. This condition causes bone loss and tooth mobility, having been associated with periodontal disease. Researches carried out failed to prove that the occlusal trauma could act as etiologic factor for periodontal disease. Although few studies have been conducted in humans, the available studies have shown that occlusal trauma may interfere with the prognosis of periodontal disease, when both are present simultaneously and may impair treatment with dental implants. The aim of this review is to discuss critically the real role of occlusal trauma and its consequences to periodontium and dental implants.

Perda óssea peri-implantar e diferentes sistemas de implantes / Peri-implant bone loss and diferent implant systems

O tratamento reabilitador com implantes dentários tem se tornado cada vez mais comum nos consultórios odontológicos. Desde a introdução dos primeiros implantes, uma série de inovações tem sido propostas com o objetivo de melhorar os resultados obtidos com esses tratamentos, levando ao surgimento de diversos sistemas de implantes. Os mais comumente utilizados são o hexágono externo, o hexágono interno e o cone morse. Um dos grandes desafi os dos pesquisadores tem sido minimizar a perda óssea periimplantar, bastante comum após a instalação da maioria dos sistemas de implantes. O objetivo desse trabalho é discutir o comportamento dos diferentes tipos de implante quanto à reabsorção da crista óssea peri-implantar, revisando os principais fatores que podem levar a essa perda óssea e sua relação com as características dos implantes.

The rehabilitation with dental implants has become increasingly common in dental offices. Since the introduction of the first type of implant, many innovations have been proposed with the aim of improving the results obtained with these treatments, leading to the emergence of several implant systems. The most commonly used are external hexagonal, internal hexagonal and morse-taper. A main challenge for researchers has been to minimize the periimplant bone loss, very common after the implantation of the majority of implant systems. The aim of this paper is to discuss the behavior of different types of implants regarding the resorption of peri-implant bone crest, revising the main factors that can lead to this bone loss and its relation with the features of the implants.

Nova técnica cirúrgica para recobrimento radicular com matriz dérmica acelular no tratamento de recessões gengivais localizadas / New surgical technique for root coverage with acellular dermal matrix in the treatment of localized gingival recessions

A recessão gengival é a preocupação estética mais associada aos tecidos periodontais. Diversas técnicas cirúrgicas foram desenvolvidas para obtenção de recobrimento radicular. Dentre elas, a técnica do enxerto conjuntivo subepitelial associada ao deslocamento coronário do retalho tem atingido altas taxas de sucesso e previsibilidade. Esse procedimento exige, no entanto, um segundo sítio cirúrgico, podendo causar dor e desconforto, aumentar o risco de sangramento e limitar o número de dentes que podem ser tratados em uma única cirurgia. Assim, a utilização de matriz dérmica acelular (MDA) foi introduzida como substituta do tecido conjuntivo autógeno, apresentando bons resultados. Contudo, a MDA é uma estrutura não-vital e seu processo de cicatrização depende das células e vasos sangüíneos do leito receptor e retalho. A técnica clássica, desenvolvida para enxertos autógenos, pode não ser adequada para a MDA, já que a proximidade das incisões em relação ao enxerto limita o suprimento sangüíneo e a fonte de células, além de permitir a invaginação epitelial e predispor a exposição do enxerto. 0 objetivo desse trabalho é propor uma nova técnica para recobrimento radicular com MDA em que as incisões relaxantes são realizadas nos dentes adjacentes ao dente envolvido, criando retalhos maiores e favorecendo o processo cicatricial do enxerto alógeno. A técnica descrita é indicada para o recobrimento de recessão gengival localizada Classes I ou II de Miller e foi idealizada de acordo com as características e comportamento biológico da MDA, com o intuito de melhorar a previsibilidade dos resultados.

Comparação clínica entre enxerto de matriz dérmica acelular e enxerto de tecido conjuntivo em procedimentos de recobrimento radicular / Clinical comparison between acellular dermal matrix graft and connective tissue graft in root coverage procedures

O enxerto de tecido conjuntivo subepitelial (ETCS) é utilizado no tratamento de recessões gengivais com resultados previsíveis. A matriz dérmica acelular (MDA) tem sido utilizada nas cirurgias plásticas periodontais com algumas vantagens como menor morbidade e maior disponibilidade de material. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar clinicamente a utilização da MDA e do ETCS associados à técnica de retalho estendido. Foram selecionados 12 pacientes com recessões gengivais bilaterais classe I ou II de Miller. Um grupo foi tratado com MDA e o outro, com ETCS, sendo em ambos realizada a técnica do retalho estendido. Os parâmetros clínicos - Profundidade de Bolsa à Sondagem (PBS), Nível Clínico de Inserção (NCI), Recessão Gengival (RG) e Quantidade de Gengiva Queratinizada (QGQ) - foram avaliados 2 semanas após a Terapia Periodontal Básica e 3 meses após os procedimentos cirúrgicos. Os dois procedimentos apresentaram resultados favoráveis, com 80,68% de recobrimento radicular para ETCS e 71,17% para a MDA após 3 meses. Não houve diferenças estaticamente significantes entre os grupos. Conclui-se que o retalho estendido é uma técnica previsível quando associada tanto ao ECTS e a MDA com resultados semelhantes de recobrimento radicular.

The subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) is used in the treatment of gingival recessions, with predictable outcomes. The acellular dermal matrix graft (ADMG) has been used in periodontal plastic surgery as a substitute for connective donor tissue, with some advantages, as less morbidity and greater availability of material. The purpose of this study was to clinically compare the use of SCTG and ADMG associated with the extended flap technique.12 patients with bilateral gingival recessions Class I or II Miller were selected. One group was treated with ADMG, while the other one was treated with SCTG, both associated with the extended flap technique. The clinical parameters – Probingdepth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession(GR) and width of keratinized tissue (KT) - were measured 2 weeks after basic periodontal therapy and 3 months post-surgery. Both procedures showed favorable results, with 80.68% of root coverage for SCTG and 71.17% for the ADMG after 3 months. There was no statistically significant differences between groups. We conclude that the extended flap is a predictable technique when associated with ECTS and ADMG, with similar results regarding root coverage.

Inflammation markers in healthy and periodontitis patients: a preliminary data screening

Advances in diagnostic research are moving towards methods whereby the periodontal risk can be identified and quantified by objective measures using biomarkers. Patients with periodontitis may have elevated circulating levels of specific inflammatory markers that can be correlated to the severity of the disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether differences in the serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers are differentially expressed in healthy and periodontitis patients. Twenty-five patients (8 healthy patients and 17 chronic periodontitis patients) were enrolled in the study. A 15 mL blood sample was used for identification of the inflammatory markers, with a human inflammatory flow cytometry multiplex assay. Among 24 assessed cytokines, only 3 (RANTES, MIG and Eotaxin) were statistically different between groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, some of the selected markers of inflammation are differentially expressed in healthy and periodontitis patients. Cytokine profile analysis may be further explored to distinguish the periodontitis patients from the ones free of disease and also to be used as a measure of risk. The present data, however, are limited and larger sample size studies are required to validate the findings of the specific biomarkers.

Avanços no diagnóstico da doença periodontal levam a métodos nos quais o risco e atividade da doença periodontal podem ser identificados e quantificados por biomarcadores. Pacientes com periodontite podem apresentar elevados níveis circulatórios de marcadores inflamatórios específicos que podem ser correlacionados com a severidade da doença. Portanto, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as diferenças nos níveis séricos de biomarcadores inflamatórios em pacientes saudáveis e com doença periodontal. Foram incluídos no estudo 25 pacientes (8 saudáveis e 17 com periodontite crônica). Uma amostra de 15 mL de sangue foi obtida para identificar os marcadores inflamatórios simultaneamente utilizando Array de proteínas através de citometria de fluxo. De 24 citocinas inflamatórias analisadas, apenas 3 (RANTES, MIG e Eotaxina) apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) entre os dois grupos. Conclui-se que alguns marcadores inflamatórios selecionados apresentam diferença de concentração em pacientes com periodontite e saudáveis. A análise do perfil de citocinas pode ser utilizada tanto para distinguir pacientes periodontais de pacientes saudáveis, como para medir o risco à doença. Contudo, mais estudos com número maior de amostras são necessários para validar os achados sobre os biomarcadores específicos.